Social Constructivism an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Social Constructivism BACKCROUND Need essay sample on "Social Constructivism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Social constructivism can be regarded as both a sociological and at the same time, a psychological theory. It is one of the theories of knowledge. It attempts to describe how social phenomena develop in certain social contexts. In order to further elucidate this, it is pertinent to define what a social construct is. A social construct is a concept that seems to be natural and vivid to those who chose to accept it. However, in the real sense of it, it is an invention of a particular culture or society. Social constructivism emphasizes the ways by which meanings and understandings grow out of social interactions. Social constructivism is based on assumptions about REALITY: that it is constructed through human activity and that it is non-existent prior to social invention. KNOWLEGE: that it is a human product, socially constructed and that inpiduals create meanings through interactions with others and the environment. LEARNING: That it is a social process, and that meaningful learning takes place when inpiduals are engaged in social activities. with these assumptions, it was believed that young children developed their thinking abilities by interacting with adults. Children Social constructs are generally accepted to be by-products of numerous human choices as opposed to the laws resulting from pine will (0r nature). Students Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals:I'm don't want to write my paper online. I don't have the timeSpecialists advise:Help With Essay WritingCustom Essay Company Cheap Essays Online Pay To Write Essay Cheapest Essay Writing Service In general, social constructionism is at odds with essentialism. Essentialism identifies specific phenomena in terms of transhistorical essences that are independent of the conscious beings which specify the categorical structure of reality. Social constructionism basically focuses on the uncovering of the ways by which inpiduals and groups take part in creating assumed social reality. Social constructivism entails examining the ways by which social phenomena are brought forth, institutionalised and finally made to tradition by people. This is seen as s process in flux, changing from time to time. Reality, in this sense, is produced by people when they act on their interpretations of it. Constructionism was made prominent in the United States by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann's 1966 in the book: The Social Construction of Reality. Berger and Luckmann (1966) argued that all knowledge, including the most basic, taken-for-granted common sense knowledge of everyday reality, is derived from and ultimately maintained by social interactions. As people interact with one another, they do so with the understanding that their respective perceptions of reality are similar. They act upon this understanding and therefore their common knowledge of reality becomes reinforced. Since this common sense knowledge depends on people, human typifications, significations. Institutions come to be presented as part of an objective reality.It is in this sense that it can be said that reality is socially constructed. Marvin Carlson is one of the few researchers to work on the theory initially. He believed that peoples lives are structured according to repeated socially sanctioned modes of behaviour and this raises the possibility that all human activity could potentially be considered as performance. This is the deviant way in which people act in public society to conform. In sociology of knowledge, what seems real to members of a social class arises from the position of the class, such as the capitalist or working classes, especially with respect to the economic fundamentals which affect the particular social class. According to the theories advanced by Karl Mannheim, who formulated the classic theories of sociology of knowledge, intellectuals occupy a special position which is to some extent free of the intellectual blinders imposed by the social position of other classes. HISTORY. The history of social constructivism dates back to the 16tn century when Giambattista Vico published a treatise on the construction of knowledge in the year 1710. This treatise brought to limelight (rather than invented) the idea that knowledge can be constructed by the knower. Vico's concepts death mostly with the relationship between truth, knowledge and the origins of language. It also touched on the desire of the human mind to create knowledge (Lo 1996). It is through his work that we take the term 'constructivist'. His slogan, according to von Glasersfeld, was, "The human mind can only know what the human mind has made. Vico is credited with coining the term 'constructivist,' Piaget is seen as the original constructivist. His theory of knowledge, published in 1954, portrayed the child as a 'lone scientist' creating his or her own sense of the world. Piaget felt that biological development is a process that goes through organization and adaptation to the environment. This same thing happens in the case of cognitive development. Piaget visualised that this occurred in a social context. He maintained his focus on the inpidual learner. Vico and Piaget, in their time were not known as constructivists. They however, through their extensive work, initiated study into the theories of knowing and creating realities. The study of their work gave rise to different theories of constructivism. Constructivism can be pided and sub-pided into a number of related categories of the main principles. Radical constructivism, whole theme constructivism, social-cognitive constructivism, idea-based social constructivism - all arise from the original concepts of constructivist theories which they propounded, yet varied in the approach to defining how the knower constructs his or her knowledge. A primary pision of the constructivist theory comes between the view of the knower as an inpidual - interacting within social structures, but creating his or her own view of reality independent of others, and the knower gaining his or her view of reality through a socially-mediated process. Where the earliest proponents of constructivism concerned themselves with the inpidual, later philosophers saw knowledge construction as part of, and arising from, social interactions. Dewey and, later, Vygotsky, recognized that the construction of knowledge was rooted in a group context (Oxford 1997). American philosopher and educator, John Dewey is often classified as constructivist. His beliefs about education and ways of knowing included the premise that knowing is not done by an outside spectator but is instead constructed by a participant, with society providing a reference point or theory for making sense of the experience. Dewey exposited on the notion that all knowledge is constructed by the knower, by including the idea that there is a relationship between the inpidual, the community, and the world mediated by socially constructed ideas. This brand of constructivism is sometimes referred to as social constructivism. Unlike those philosophers before them, social constructivists believe that knowledge construction takes place, and is enhanced, by social interaction. Another proponent of the Social Constructivist ideology was Jean Piaget. Piaget was the pioneer of the constructivist approach to cognition in the 20th century. Piaget created a theory of cognition and developed an approach to epistemology. Because of his work with children, in studying the development of their knowledge, much of Piaget's work has been categorized, mistakenly, according to von Glasersfeld, as child psychology rather than philosophy. Another scholar that contributed to the field of constructivism is Lev Vygotsky. He was prolific writer in Russia. His works were suppressed and are only recently became available for translation and distribution. Von Glasersfeld calls Vygotsky the "founding father of Social Constructivism". Vygotsky perceived that thought evolved from both the experiences and maturation process of an inpidual. Significantly, he also believed that constructs have social origins and that they are learned through interaction with others. Vygotsky's views perge from Piaget's in this respect. While both of them would agree that learning occurs in the activities and experiences of the learner, Vygotsky emphasises on the interaction within social groups. He put much of his efforts into studying the relationship of speech and communication with learning in a social context. In Mind and Society, he writes, "children solve practical tasks with the help of their speech, as well as their eyes and hands" Social Constructivism today is often mistaken by educators as an approach to teaching and learning, rather than a philosophy on how knowledge is created or obtained. Obviously, this has a great impact on the teaching and learning process. Constructivism has been adopted as a learning and teaching philosophy insofar as its central themes deal with the concept of how students know and learn. There is still a lot of ongoing research on Social constructivism. The concept will continue to take shape as more and more researchers delve into the subject in a view to creating a generally acceptable concept. Also, it will continue to receive attention as people find more practical uses for the concept. References. Troelstra A.S. History of constructivism in the 20th century. Bella J. T (2008). Social Constructivism: A History. Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. Podosky I. T (1968). Essays on Constructivism. PowerHouse Publishing Co. Ltd pp 68 72.

Reviewing Prefix, Suffix, and Root Word Vocabulary

Reviewing Prefix, Suffix, and Root Word Vocabulary This exercise will give you practice in recognizing and using common prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Instructions For each sentence below, study the one word thats in bold print. See if you can identify the root word (or base) along with any prefixes and/or suffixes that are attached to it. After you have filled in all the blanks, compare your answers with those below. We watched a preview of the new Pixar movie.Root: ____________​Prefix: ____________The dancing cat was seen by more than two-million YouTube viewers.Root: ____________Suffix: ____________The teacher handed out paper hearts to the students who had done extra work.Root: ____________Suffix: ____________The magician made the rabbit disappear.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________At the end of his performance, the magician made a graceful bow to the audience.Root: ____________Suffix: ____________Shyla asked the magician for his autograph.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Because of the lightness of the breeze, the sailboat moved quite slowly.Root: ____________Suffix: ____________Despite the heaviness of his backpack, Jack raced up the hill.Root: ____________Suffix: ____________Some dogs are shy or unfriendly, and they might bark or snap if you try to pet them.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________Esther quickly reopened the door and called for her cat.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________ We stood on a bluff overlooking the ocean.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________In todays world, no part of the globe is unreachable.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________My father never let anyone see him dressed informally.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________Everyone thought that Mr. Darcy was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________Preschoolers should have plenty of opportunities to run, play, and listen to stories.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________The speaker pointed out the unfairness of blaming high schools for the poor preparation of college freshmen in reading, writing, and math.Root: ____________Prefix: ____________Suffix: ____________ Answers Below are the answers to the exercise: Root:Â  viewPrefix:Â  pre-Root:Â  viewSuffix:Â  -ersRoot:Â  teachSuffix:Â  -erRoot:Â  appearPrefix:Â  dis-Root:Â  graceSuffix:Â  -fulRoot:Â  graphPrefix:Â  auto-Root:Â  lightSuffix:Â  -nessRoot:Â  heavySuffix:Â  -nessRoot:Â  friendPrefix:Â  un-Suffix:Â  -lyRoot:Â  openPrefix:Â  re-Suffix:Â  -edRoot:Â  lookPrefix:Â  over-Suffix:Â  -ingRoot:Â  reachPrefix:Â  un-Suffix:Â  -ableRoot:Â  formalPrefix:Â  in-Suffix:Â  -lyRoot:Â  agreePrefix:Â  dis-Suffix:Â  -ableRoot:Â  schoolPrefix:Â  -preSuffix:Â  -ersRoot:Â  fairPrefix:Â  un-Suffix:Â  -ness

Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants Essay

Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants - Essay Example The essay "Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants" analyzes how any restaurant can achieve the status of being superior by investing in its basic services like the ambiance/decoration, the waiting staff, healthy food and the use of advanced equipment and technology since quality can be defined as perceived degree of product’s excellence. . If a company is offering products and services of unique features that made it surpass similar products in greatness then it means they have superior goods as compared to their competitors. â€Å"Differences in talent, ability, worth, appearance, status, and power often exist, but the low defense communicator seems to attach little importance to these distinctions.† This concept of quality and superiority can easily be understood by the example of restaurants. Most of the theses restaurants are providing quality services but very few of them are capable of providing superior services. Any restaurant can achieve the status of bei ng superior by investing in its basic services. People who want to dine out definitely requires something especial to feel and eat. Efforts should be made to impress the customers by providing them relax and pleasant environment. Furnishing should be comfortable yet functional. Few things that make the first impression about the restaurant, waiters/waitresses are among them. Hiring trained staff proved to be the backbone of the restaurant business. Customers expect friendly, polite and professional treatment from the waiting staff.

An introduction to accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An introduction to accounting - Essay Example Accounting may not be popular but it is a must for any organisation,be it in the manufacturing or service sector, whatever its size,whichever country it is based in and whether or not its aim is to maximise profits.Without accounting resources cannot be managed effectivelyIt is irrefutable that any business organization requires the use of accounting. In fact, the use of accounting dates back from the time a business organization is formed. A company cannot function efficiently without the use of a system which list down the financial transactions that it undertakes (Atrill and McClaney 2001). In the simplest sense, accounting can be defined as the system which provides information about the financial situation of an organization.Since accounting is all about recording financial transactions, it is then a necessity for any organization which deals with money (Atrill and McClaney 2001). And looking at the global business situation right now, no business entity is ever existent without financial resources. Accounting provides a systematic and comprehensive way of recording a company's financial transactions. For one, the accounting equation serves as the basis of the company's financial statements recognizing the principle of double-entry bookkeeping in accounting. The accounting equation is as follows: assets less liabilities = shareholders' equity. It can also be expanded as: assets less liabilities = shareholders' equity (revenue less expenses)(Keown et al 2005). ... Accounting aids a business organization to gather three types of information namely operating, financial, and managerial (Atrill and McClaney 2002). All companies are required to use accounting for operating purposes or for daily activities in order to record and determine the amount of salary owed to workers, track sales, and level of inventory. Secondly, financial information is also needed in order to attract shareholders and creditors. The company often needs to prove to these providers of financial aid that it is worthy of receiving resources. Thus, a company should record transactions and report them to these interested entities. Lastly, accounting is used for decision making. Companies are interested to know how much inventory should be produced in a given month, whether to manufacture in-house or source from a supplier, whether to acquire a new equipment or not. It should be noted that the purposes and information provided by accounting is used by any business organization whether from the goods or service sector. As long as there is money involved, transactions are irrefutably recorded. The financial resources are tracked through accounting. For one, the most common goal of a company which is to make money can only be evaluated if financial transactions are constantly monitored and recorded systematically. A business can only know whether it makes money or not when it employs a system which tracks its revenue and its expenses. However, it should also be stressed that accounting is also required even for not-for-profit business organizations. Non-government organizations like Red Cross and Youth for Christ employ accounting to record their expenses and budget

Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties - Essay Example In essence, Civil liberty and Civil rights are envisaged in the constitution and was derived from the declaration of independence and the bill of rights (Walker 481). It is worth to note that close assessment of the two terms offers an insight into the significance of sound socio-economic and political polices towards sustainable growth as has been experienced in United States. The cultural diversity that characterizes United States makes such emphasis on civil rights and civil liberty crucial. Civil rights generally entail having basic rights of being free from unequal consideration on specific characteristics that include gender, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation among others. In the context of other socio-economic provisions like housing, employment among others, civil liberty constitutes unrestricted or biased access. Civil liberty therefore entail guaranteed basic rights that are explicitly addressed by the constitution and defended by the law makers and judicial system. Achieving a united nation has been facilitated by the concentration of socio-economic interest on the constitution and relentless efforts to implement and practice. According to the Bill of rights in the constitution, civil rights and civil liberty are enshrined as the pillars of prosperity and this evident in government efforts to champion for the American dream of equality. Key constituents of civil liberty include; the right to privacy, fair judicial process, marriage, freedom of religion, rig ht to vote among others. Civil liberty and civil rights must be supported through supervised enactment and sub sequent adoption. This means that every individual is subject ted to the highlighted rights and freedom and any breach is taken through legal redress by the court. The aforementioned rights in United States are enforced through documentations on Declaration of Independence and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Voting is key to expressing

Reasons for the Development of Gothic Architecture

Reasons for the Development of Gothic Architecture Discuss the reasons for the development of the Gothic cathedral and explain how constructional problems were overcome The Gothic cathedral originates from twelfth century France where experimentation with radical new ideas about geometry witnessed a revolution in ecclesiastical architecture. The development of the Gothic style of architecture was not a sudden transformation it evolved over a long period, developing aspects of the Romanesque era which preceded it. Romanesque is characterised by a use of round or slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, cruciform piers, supporting vaults, and groin vaults.[1] In the Gothic cathedral a greater emphasis was placed on verticality, featuring structures with great expanses of glass, sharply pointed spires, cluster columns, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, pointed arches and imaginative sculptural detail.[2] The Abbey Church of St. Denis, where St. Deniss famous and influential Abbot Suger directed a west front in 1137, is thought to be the birthplace of the Gothic cathedral[3]. St. Denis was not a cathedral but the work there appears to have inspired refurbishment to the new Gothic style of a large number of Romanesque cathedrals in the surrounding Greater Paris Basin such as Sens (1140s), Notre Dame of Paris (1160), Chartres (1194), and Beauvais (1226).[4] The rediscovery of Eastern architectural styles and construction techniques by Crusaders returning from the Holy Land contributed to these developments in France.[5] For example, the flying buttress was a late Roman invention which was copied by the Arabs, and subsequently incorporated into what we now know as ‘Gothic.’[6] Ecclesiastical architecture was one of the most important statements of power, wealth and respect, and during the twelfth century when royal power was struggling to reassert itself, cathedral building was seen as a way of regaining the trust and admiration of the public. As Victor Hugo said of Notre-Dame: Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art. Time is the architect, the people are the builder.[7] The complex architectural design of Notre-Dame reflects the influences of the rulers of the time and illustrates how important the construction of the early Gothic cathedral was to the leading powers of the country. During the reign of Louis VI and Louis VII the monarchy began to establish itself as a predominant power and unlike other regions of France where powerful counts supported the construction of monasteries and cathedrals, the Greater Paris basin had experienced minimal development of its ecclesiastical architecture. As Scott says: ‘The absence of a recent regional style, combined with the fact that most abbeys and cathedrals in the Greater Paris Basin were old and in disrepair, created an opportunity for wholesale renewal of churches that could not have arisen elsewhere.’[8] Cathedral building was to transcend its humble beginnings of the ideas of Abbot Suger, gradually transforming the earlier Romanesque style into something entirely new. The new style evolved across northern France and in1174 marked its arrival in England during the rebuilding of the twelfth century choir at Canterbury. The relationship between England and France was close compared to other countries: many high-ranking clergymen of twelfth-century England were French, and others who were English by birth had been educated at the great cathedral schools of France, such as Chartres and Notre Dame. Furthermore, in England, where the trend of post-Norman invasion architecture was coming to an end, there was a niche for a new style. As centre of the head of the Church of England, Canterbury Cathedral inspired the Gothic church building movement in England. The choir, which had been gutted by fire, was rebuilt as a shrine of the murdered archbishop, St. Thomas Becket. Cathedrals which follow ed the Gothic design included Chichester (c. 1187), Winchester (c. 1190), Lincoln (c. 1192), and Llandaff, Wales (c. 1193).[9] Constructional Problems The sheer size and volume of the masonry involved presented problems during the construction of Gothic cathedrals. In order to reach the great heights of the cathedrals elaborate scaffolds were needed, which were made of wood, together with winch systems. These materials would have suffered in bad weather, and during the winter coverings would have been put up so that some progress could be made.[10] The features of the evolving Gothic style such as the large stained-glass windows, the flying buttresses, and ribbed vaults perhaps caused the most problems during construction. Larger windows were desired to allow more light than traditional styles. This meant that the buildings had to be taller using flying buttresses to support higher ceilings with rib vaults to support. Although funded by the clergy, large scale projects still relied on limited resources. Costs of quarrying and transporting stone were high so in compensation vaults were made thinner.[11] Unfortunately this meant that vaults collapsed, and it was only through a process of experimentation and learning that these problems were overcome. The roof supports had to be aesthetically pleasing as well as functional. In France it was practice to thin the supports, and arrange them as ‘integral parts of an articulated system, of which the ribbed vaults were the crowning feature, (which) imparted a new vitality and dyn amic quality.’[12] In addition to this, the shafts supporting the cross-arches were often brought out and given greater distinction. The introduction of rib vaults also meant that secondary shafts were needed to support them.[13] The demand for light and stained glass meant a deviation from traditional circular designs in window surrounds. At Laon, the circular design of the window surround was incongruous with the flat surface of the glass.[14] At the same time a similar aesthetic conflict had sprung up between the rib-vault in the apse and its semicylindrical form. The development of the polygonal apse meant that these problems could be resolved. As Frankl explains it: ‘Even seen at an angle, a semicylindrical apse will always appear frontal, whereas in a polygonal apse, though one may stand frontally to one side, one will always see slanting sides at the same time. Several images are seen simultaneously, and all are included in the optical impression of the whole.[15] This solution to the problem is a fine example of how Gothic architecture experimented with appearance and form: designs became ambitious and it was the duty of the architect and builders to try and fulfil them. In conclusion, the evolution of the Gothic cathedral was an expensive and dynamic phenomenon which was driven by the ruling powers of the lands. As the buildings represented so much to both the prelates and the public the problems encountered during construction appear to have been a serious challenge, albeit one accepted by the society of the time. Bibliography Frankl, P., 1962, Gothic Architecture. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Davidson, C, 2002, Abbeys and Cathedrals. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/churchlj/cathedral_04.shtml) Davis, M. T., 1998, Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290-1350. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 80 Harvey, J, 1950, The Gothic World, 1100-1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd Scott, R.A, 2003, The Gothic Enterprise: A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral. California: University of California Press The Social Background of Gothic Cathedrals. 2004, Architectural Science Review. Volume: 47. Issue: 2. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture: Gale Group Online encyclopaedia: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque) Online encyclopaedia: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Cathedral#Characteristics) 1 [1] Online encyclopaedia: ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque)  Ã‚   [2] Online encyclopaedia: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Cathedral#Characteristics)   [3] Scott, R.A, 2003, The Gothic Enterprise: A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral. California: University of California Press, p.12.   [4] Ibid, p.12-13.   [5] Davidson, C, 2002, Abbeys and Cathedrals. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/churchlj/cathedral_04.shtml)   [6] The Social Background of Gothic Cathedrals. 2004, Architectural Science Review. Volume: 47. Issue: 2. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture: Gale Group, p.209.   [7] Quoted from Davis, M. T., 1998, Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290-1350. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 80.   [8] Scott, R.A, 2003, The Gothic Enterprise: A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral. California: University of California Press, p.13.   [9] Ibid, pp.14-15.   [10] Davidson, C, 2002, Abbeys and cathedrals. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/churchlj/cathedral_04.shtml)   [11] The Social Background of Gothic Cathedrals. 2004, Architectural Science Review. Volume: 47. Issue: 2. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture: Gale Group, p.209.   [12] Harvey, J, 1950, The Gothic World, 1100-1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd, p.59.   [13] Ibid, p.59.   [14] Frankl, P., 1962, Gothic Architecture. Baltimore, MD: Penguin, p.42.   [15] Ibid, p.43.

The Conflict over the Star Wars Defense System :: essays papers

The Conflict over the Star Wars Defense System Presently, the threat of missiles is very dangerous. The missiles include biological, chemical, and of course, nuclear missiles. Our nation, the US, is one of the richest and most powerful nations on the world. Since we are so strong, many countries threaten us and endanger the citizens. Lately, a system called the Star Wars SDI was initialized during the Reagan Administration. The system involves lasers that will fry the chips in missiles. That will cause the missile to stop in its flight and not detonate. Now, it is being researched again. But even though the Star Wars system seems flawless, it shouldn^t be employed. The system uses up a huge sum of money. It will cost about $1 trillion to set it up. Regular ground-based missile defenses are almost 10 times cheaper. The nation should protect its citizens with all their money, but the Star Wars system was never tested. The lasers have been used many times in laboratories, but the whole assemblage can malfunction before we even try it. People should know what type of defense system is protecting them and should know if it will defend them fully. The country^s taxes pay for the system, but some people may not want the money they pay to be used for violent reasons. While we are making the strongest weapons we could, the nation can do better things that will help not only us but the world. Too many weapons will cause us to get greedy and too powerful. Many other countries despise us. Countries like Russia, China, and even small ones like North Korea are powerful and the US doesn^t have really good relations with them. They may be stalwart, but they still want our technology and power. Most of the countries are not as wealthy as us. Some are also hostile. They wish to obtain our weaponry. If we do employ the SW system, it may violate international peace treaties because we might build the weapon without their consent. Already, the US is involved in battles between countries like Iraq and Yugoslavia. The system can worsen our relations with other countries. The danger from those hostile countries is near. They may prepare to bomb us since they loathe us. Nuclear missiles can be launched at our capital and major cities any moment without us knowing it. The only thing is that the countries don^t have missiles that will travel this far.

William Stafford and Randall Jarrell

William Stafford and Randall Jarrell There are two poetry writers that have wrote very good pomes and have quite a few that are popular. To compare and contrast two, it would have to be â€Å"Traveling through the Dark† by William Stafford and â€Å"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner† by Randall Jarrell. These two authors have a different way and style they write there poems, that is why it makes sense to look at these two really close and really see how they write and how they get the message across. Both Stafford’s and Jarrell’s poem is in the book read in class so having read these two works it is somewhat familiar what they are about.But further reading is needed to really understand what these poets are trying to say and what they are writing about. So it is best to read these poems or any poem in general, more than one time. Just so it becomes easier to understand the words and the theme. To compare and contrast these two poems every detail makes a difference because that way the reader understands what is going on in the poem. When a poet begins to write a poem there is always that one message they are trying to get across or a little story they are trying to tell.So as a reader, it is important to read a poem more than once to really understand it. Imagery is a big key that both of these poets use. This is good when writing so that the readers are interested when reading the poem and to really draw mental pictures in the heads of the readers. Metaphor is also a big tool used in poetry, and without that many poems do not make sense. In both of these poems there is metaphor but it is not very clear to see sometimes. A lot of poets just ramble on with words and sometimes is not clear on what they are trying to say.So with these two poems you see how one is easier to read than the other. In William Stafford’s â€Å"Traveling through the Dark† it is very clear on what he is writing about and the theme is simple to u nderstand. But in Randall Jarrell’s â€Å"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner† it is not that easy to get if you just read the poem once. Randall Jarrell is a type of writer that criticizes a lot of other writings he does not like. He gives a lot of harsh criticism because he is a big fan of literature so by seeing work that is badly written he is not afraid to come out and say something about it.But many other writers say over time he softens up because he is worried about the writer’s extinction. Even though he was really tough on other writers work, Jarrell’s passion for writing shows in his poetry. His poetry is more of the modern plain style which other famous writers use like Robert Frost. Jarrell likes to write about ordinary experiences that connect to the reader’s feelings. Not all of his poetry makes sense like â€Å"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner† if it is only read once. Jarrell writes in a colloquial voice and mostly all hi s poems have no development in them.He will write about a topic and just go one and one but you do not see what he is really talking about at first. When you read Randall Jarrell’s work there is a lot of critical thinking that is involved and a lot of questions. For example in this poem the title says â€Å"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner† and by seeing the word â€Å"Gunner† it makes sense to say this poem might be about war or a fighter plane. Jarrell’s other work was a lot about war because that is what he enjoyed to write about, so it only seems right that this poem is about war. But when you read it at first it seems as if he may be writing about an abortion.Because he uses the word mother, it may throw off the reader but he uses a lot of imagery in the poem, so when you think about it, it may connect to an abortion. The â€Å"Gunner† in this case could be the doctor and the Ball Turret could be the mother’s womb. Since he connects a lot of his work to war the Ball Turret could be the sphere like space where the pilot of a jet fighter would be in and the Gunner of course would be the enemy. And when the character in the poem was attacked he went upside down in the turret, little sphere, and looked like a fetus in the womb.But when a reader reads it for the first time it is not as clear, so it is safe to say that Randall Jarrell’s type of writing is not as clear and makes the reader think while reading. Jarrell’s poems were meant to have the reader really think about what they are reading to a point where one might get confused. So now there is the other side where it is much easier to read and comprehend what the author is saying. Stafford’s work is mostly always dealing with the outdoors and that’s mainly because of where Stafford grew up. He is also known for his unique method of composition and soft spoken voice.You can easily tell by reading his work because he does not try to c onfuse the reader and just gets the main point of the poem out there. Unlike Jarrell, Stafford goes into a lot of detail and uses imagery to show the reader what to think about while reading. For example, his poem â€Å"Traveling through the Dark† is taken place along a roadside near the woods. The poem is viewed as a dramatic lyric because Stafford develops the scene just like a playwright. You have the characters (speaker, deer); setting (nighttime on Road) complication (â€Å"swerve might make more dead†); action (â€Å"dragged†) climax (â€Å"pushed deer over the edge†).When you first read the poem it seems simple, that there is a dead deer on the road and the speaker pulls over and pushes the dead deer over the bank into the river. Yes the dead deer is pregnant because the character explains how he could feel the warmth on her belly, and yes he decides to roll it into the bank to prevent accidents. But why does Stafford write about a dead deer on the road. It is to show how a person unexpectedly faces a crisis which tests his or her moral sensitivity in everyday life. And that is what Stafford mostly writes about, everyday life situations.So by looking at these two poets you can see that Randall Jarrell likes to write with so much passion and wants it to be so perfect that sometimes his work is not easily understood. Jarrell wants the reader to think about what they are really reading, but sometimes bores the reader. Now William Stafford also wants the reader to think about the theme but it is much clearer on how he sets up his poems. He uses more and clear imagery so that the reader can see what the main point to the poem is. And these two pieces of work are good examples on how these two poets write their feelings and thoughts down.

I Have a Dream essays

I Have a Dream essays Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote, I Have a Dream in 1963 and delivered it at Lincoln Memorial, in Washington, D.C., on the hundredth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech utilizes quite a number of colorful metaphors that relate to the topic, as well as a diverse range of literary techniques, such as alliteration, parallelism, and poetry. Martin Luther King discusses a number of issues that all relate to the same topic freedom of Negroes. His speech is based on his dream a dream of freedom and equality. Martin Luther King mentions the fact that still, after a hundred years of signing the Emancipation Proclamation, the Negro still is not free. He draws the parallel between the event at which he speaks and cashing a check, on which ...America has defaulted.... A check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. Those are the two topics are most mentioned and brought up within Kings speech freedom and justice for Negroes. He insists on persistence of the Negro cause and calls upon America to open the doors of opportunity to all of Gods children. Martin Luther King in his second part of the speech mentions his dream. I have a dream...- and a long list of values that are dear to the principles of justice and equality follow: not to give up under the persecution; to keep the faith; the belief that this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed...That all men are created equal; brotherhood of all colors will emerge; oasis of freedom and justice will be established; people will be judged by who they are instead of what color they are; and freedom and equality will exist in reality in America. At the same time he calls upon the peaceful resolution of this struggle. ...

Free Essays on Australian Literature Essay

.† 2 This just shows that not speaking can be just as powerful if not more powerful than speaking itself. In this short story, I feel the narrator has a closer connection with this man throughout the story than he would have if the man could speak. Speaking can take away the peacefullness and serenity and can sometimes give away too much. The man can still decipher the mysterious mans moods and needs most of the time, so there is no justifiable point in him speaking. Ben Okri sums this up well. He states, â€Å"moods are stories unsaid, condensed in the air, untold. In ... Free Essays on Australian Literature Essay Free Essays on Australian Literature Essay Australian Literature Essay word count- 1493 â€Å"I love words these days for what they don’t say. As with the net, the spaces in the story give it its form.† (Beverley Farmer) There are a variety of different form and narrative structures in the short stories, â€Å"Trees Can Speak†, â€Å"The Persimmon Tree† and â€Å"A Double Because its Snowing.† All of these are modernist stories with a one sided perspective of reality. The stories also tend to have a prescence of the unsaid in their narration, which make the stories very powerful. We definintely see this idea of Beverley Farmer in the onset of â€Å"Trees Can Speak.† The storekeeper says, â€Å"This man never speaks.† 1 The movements of the man and the expressions on his face are the only clues the narrator has to understanding him. However, there is something more powerful about a man who does not speak. Its leaves people guessing and not having all the answer laid out in front of them. It allows them to get spiritually closer to the person, like the narrator who is focusing on the mans every movement and facial expression. It is also much more personal and half of the time, the narrator does not even realize the man is not talking. At one point the narrator even says, â€Å"His expression changed to one of decision and I answered the unspoken intention as if it had been conveyed to me in words.† 2 This just shows that not speaking can be just as powerful if not more powerful than speaking itself. In this short story, I feel th e narrator has a closer connection with this man throughout the story than he would have if the man could speak. Speaking can take away the peacefullness and serenity and can sometimes give away too much. The man can still decipher the mysterious mans moods and needs most of the time, so there is no justifiable point in him speaking. Ben Okri sums this up well. He states, â€Å"moods are stories unsaid, condensed in the air, untold. In ...

Case Study on Psalm 101 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study on Psalm 101 - Term Paper Example Historical Analysis Psalm 101 was written â€Å"for the occasion of the enthronement of a Judahite king†3 and the glorification of the Davidic king’s example of virtue and righteousness. In fact, Psalm 101 is known as â€Å"David’s mirror of a monarch†4. It may have actually been written during the time _____________ 1Jerome F. D. Creach, The Destiny of the Righteous in the Psalms (2008): 107. 2James Douglas Grant Dunn, â€Å"God-Talk for a Disillusioned Pilgrim in Psalm 21,† Eerdmas Commentary on the Bible (2003): 413. 3Michael L. Barre, â€Å"The Shifting Forces of Psalm 101,† The Book of Psalms: Composition and Reception, vol. 99 (2005): 206. 4James Luther Mays, â€Å"Psalm 101: The Way of Integrity,† Psalms (1989): 321. when David was sworn in as king over all of Israel, and he wrote this as a pledge of allegiance to God5. This could have then taken place in 1002 BC6. Literacy Background Psalm 101 uses a number of poetic devices in order to convey the message of royal conduct, virtue and integrity. Among these are metonymies like â€Å"my house† in the line â€Å"I will conduct the affairs of my house/ with a blameless heart†7. The word â€Å"house† here does not necessarily mean the house where one lives but rather the whole kingdom that one holds and rules, for it is a king that is assumed to be speaking in Psalm 101. Nevertheless, the use of the word â€Å"house† somehow implies that the king considers his own kingdom as something that is of his immediate responsibility. Another metaphor in Psalm 101 is the line â€Å"I will put to silence†8 as a form of punishment. Putting someone to silence may mean something imposing a punishment on a criminal that will teach him a hard lesion and make him not commit the same wrongdoing ever again. â€Å"Haughty eyes† and â€Å"proud heart†9 are also two other phrases that speak of a person’s character rather meton ymically. Both haughty eyes and a proud heart only mean one thing: pride. This pride is one thing that displeases God, and the fact that this verse on pride _______________ 5Barre, â€Å"The Shifting Focus of Psalm 101, The Book of Psalms: Composition and Reception, volume 99 (2005): 206. 6David M. Carr & Colleen M. Conway, An Introduction to the Bible: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts: Composition and Reception (2010): 234. 7Ps. 101:2, New International Version. 8Ps. 101:5, 8. 9Ps. 101:5. on â€Å"slandering [one’s] neighbor in secret†10 implies that those who slander their neighbor are actually proud and haughty people. Nevertheless, the point is clear – haughtiness and pride displeases God. Structural Outline of Psalm 121 The basic structure of Psalm 101 is uneven because there is a problem â€Å"where to mark off its second major division†11. In fact, as discussed by Barre, the second line of verse 2: â€Å"when will you come to me?† does no t seem to be a part of the first or the second stanzas for this particular line is a question of longing while the rest of the first and second stanzas are the king’s promises to God. The first strophe, or verses 1 and 2, is all about the Psalter’s exaltation of the Lord and his desire to live the blameless life. The second strophe, or verses 3 to 5, is all about the description of the negative things that the Psalter or the king himself is supposed to do12. Among the people condemned here are those with faithless (Ps. 101:3), those with â€Å"perverse of heart† (Ps. 101:4), and those who â€Å"slander their neighbor in secret

Special Education High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Special Education High School - Essay Example It can be that this is the child's behavior at home whenever he or she is denied something or it could also be that this is his or her way of getting what he or she wanted. Throwing tantrums would exasperate parents, resulting to them giving in to the child's desires. These behaviors could not immediately be considered as behavioral problems per se; but it could lead to one if the child's present way of interacting with people, including children, would not be corrected. Biting is not an abnormal behavior but it is disturbing and potentially harmful which should be discouraged from the beginning (University of Michigan Health Systems 2007). Every aggressive behavior that the child displays should be understood and one way of understanding it is through knowing the child's family background. Who is living with the child and what is the situation inside the child's family. Through knowing, the teacher will be able to understand and formulate positive ways to handle the child's feelings . In a situation when the child's father is in prison and the mother herself is in a problematic state, it could be that the child lacks parental care and attention which drives him or her in a state of anger, shame, confusion or even aggression. In addressing such behavior, the teacher should not hit or bite back at the child as a way of reprimand because this only communicates to the child that violence is a fitting way to handle emotion (University of Michigan Health Systems 2007). Assessment of children going to school with behavior issues needs an in-depth look at behavior because the cause of such behavior may be neurological, psychological, emotional, family and/or social issues (Direnfeld 2007). Whatever is the cause of the child's aggression or violence, the child should not be rewarded for biting or showing aggressive or violent behavior, "not even the reward of a negative attention (University of Michigan Health Systems 2007). The teacher's approach should always be calm and educational. The teacher must also take note of the pattern of the child's aggression including the environment that the child is in and his or her emotional state. In this way, the teacher will have a clear idea on how to address and correct the child's behavior. Children, particularly toddlers, don't digest words whenever reprimanded unlike adults and adolescents; and shouting is definitely not a way of dealing with them. A calm but firm and serious tone is more effective than a loud voice that threatens the child because it still communicates negativity. Age appropriate ways of teaching children to control themselves promotes the development of confidence and self-esteem, thus, we can easily guide them towards self-control away from any aggressive or violent behaviors. Emotional control is also one dimension that the pre-school teacher should look into. Emotion can be influenced through perception. The child should perceive things in a positive way, and one way to guide that perception is to set up a classroom environment with a 'light' and happy atmosphere, wide and friendly space with lots of colors and wholesome pretty pictures on the wall. Such set-up sends a non-verbal message of security, safety, friendliness and warmth which most children are keen at The classroom, should not