Assess how national culture impacts on the international business Essay

Evaluate how national culture impacts on the global business condition, giving models - Essay Example Trans-national organizations like Sony, General Motors, convey an unmistakable character of the way of life they initially worked in spite of now having overall activities. Simply the way of life is concentrated as equivalent word of culture. We frequently go over terms like the Japanese culture, the British culture, the Australian culture, or Russian culture. The nations, similar to Canada, US, UK, and India with a wide range of racial, strict, or provincial societies are called multi-social nations. However numerous nations situated in a particular topographical territory can be limited by the string of a typical culture. For instance, the Caribbean nations like Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Antigua can be alluded to as having a typical culture. It is imperative to depict the word ‘culture’ as it is interpreted with regards to business the board. A portion of the definitions offer intriguing bits of knowledge into the significance; the ‘national culture’ has for business pioneers, experts, the executives masters and scholastics. Culture is differently characterized (refered to by Fougere, 2007) as ‘that complex entire, which incorporates information, conviction, craftsmanship, ethics, law, custom, and different capacities procured by man as a citizen (Tylor); the aggregate programming of the psyche, which recognizes the individuals from one human gathering of another (Hofstede); an arrangement of qualities and standards that are shared among a gathering of individuals and that when taken together establish a plan for living (Hill). Along these lines culture is characterized as summation of convictions and capacities (Tylor), an aggregate programming of brain (Hofstede) and an arrangement forev er (Hill) (Cited by Fougere, 2007). The social standards in this way encapsulated in the aggregate awareness of a people are embraced in day by day life in a self evident reality way. These come to be reflected in the work ethos of the business elements. Howsoever, various definitions culture are, there is unanimity of sentiment in

Model Arch Bridge and tha Design Improvement Essay - 2

Model Arch Bridge and tha Design Improvement - Essay Example Scaffolds are intended to withstand both live and dead loads. Dead loads will be loads that don't change, for example, the structure’s weight. These incorporate the walkways, deck, railings, and the solid or steel load-conveying individuals. Dead loads represent the impressive and huge level of worry in load conveying individuals. The subsequent burden, live burden, changes; the change can be because of diminished or expanded passerby and traffic stacking. When planning a scaffold, wellbeing and quality of the structure are the most significant contemplations. The shape and in general plan of the extension were chosen by the gathering. The state of the scaffold was portrayed to full estimate on a white bit of paper. The sketch was utilized in to direct the popsicle sticks as appeared in figure 2. The last advance was to stick popsicle sticks on light emissions deck so as to think of an extension deck. The last structure is appeared in figure 4. The entire technique was carried on the first and second last structures. The main extension weighed 193.6 grams while the subsequent one was 245.1 grams. The primary extension bolstered a most extreme heap of 6,613 grams, accumulated at mid-range, while the second was 21, 818 grams. The heaps to weight proportion of the first and second scaffold were 34.2 and 89.0 individually. Curve increment strength as it gives protection from the powers that demonstration in the twisting of the scaffold. The weight is diverted from individuals to parts of the bargains by curves; thus powers are uniformly disseminated for the better structure as appeared in figure 5. The subsequent scaffold was fortified in zones that heaps were concentrated, that is at projections and burden focuses. The subsequent extension was additionally strengthened to build their quality triangular shapes were utilized in keeping square shapes from inclining. A top horizontal propping was utilized in the counteraction of clasping sideways during stacking because of pressure individuals like the top harmony.

Get an Insider’s Perspective on MIT Sloan

Have you been researching MIT Sloan? Then you know it is a very competitive program and you will have to put together the best possible application to have a chance at admission. To do so, wouldn’t it be helpful if you knew exactly what the admissions committee was looking for and if you have what it takes to get accepted? To find out, join us for a live AMA – Ask Me Anything – on November 14th at 10am PT/1pm ET with Dawna Levinson, Assistant Dean of Admissions at MIT Sloan. She’ll share her insider perspective on the admissions process and on what MIT Sloan is looking for. And – perhaps most importantly – she’ll answer your questions. The event will be moderated by Accepted founder Linda Abraham, so you’ll get a double-dose of admissions expertise! Register today to reserve your spot. Register Now: hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: "58291", formId: "df6cc7ef-7c38-43fa-bb62-c3828c2cdebd", goToWebinarWebinarKey: "3753387852046061325" }); For 25 years, Accepted has helped business school applicants gain acceptance to top programs. Our outstanding team of MBA admissions consultants features former business school admissions directors and professional writers who have guided our clients to admission at top MBA, EMBA, and other graduate business programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Wharton, Booth, INSEAD, London Business School, and many more.  Want an MBA admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch!

Importance of Faith and Prayer in Islam - 830 Words

The quote from the textbook â€Å"understanding religion in a global society† gives tremendous significance to faith and rituals of the Islamic culture, both of which are greatly highlighted in the holy book of Quran. Just as without the roots, a tree cannot survive, similarly, without faith, performing highly valuable rituals are useless. The main source where Muslims gain an enormous amount of faith is from reading the holy book of Quran. One must fully believe and understand the messages written in the Quran to have complete faith in it as a Muslim individual. For centuries, the Quran has been preserved through writing and memorization. In fact, today Quran is the only book, which can be fully memorized by millions of people all over the†¦show more content†¦The religious ritual of prayer is essential to all the followers of Islam. As mentioned before, it is the second pillar of Islam, right after the first pillar being the testimony of faith, by which one become s a Muslim. A Muslim individual stands in prayer, five times during the day, in order to worship, praise, thank and remember the Almighty. Prayer is also a way of seeking forgiveness for all the bad deeds committed during the day. Prayer can be seen similar to the convenience of having a stream flowing outside one’s front door. If an individual could easily bath in this flowing stream of water five times during the day, he/she will have no filth left on him/her. Likewise, praying five times daily washes away one’s sins. This repeated standing in front of the Almighty keeps an individual away from performing sins, in addition to remembering and fearing God throughout the day. An individual clean heartedly walks away after praying with a feeling of being renewed. The quote from the text refers to highly important claims and one cannot help but agree with them. Reciting the Quran and keeping up with prayers are the key factors that keep a Muslim individual connected to Allah, the greatest. Remembering the power of Almighty several times during the day, is beneficial in endless number of ways. Keeping an individual away from evil or committing bad deeds,Show MoreRelatedIslam Five Pillars1344 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and analyse the significance of the Five Pillars of Islam on the individual and the community making reference to the principal beliefs where relevant. Central to the Muslim belief is the importance of devotion and total submission to Allah. This is put into practice through the Five Pillars of Islam –the five obligatory duties that must be performed by all practising Muslims. These are the acts of faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Carrying out these duties creates structureRead MoreEssay about The Five Doctrinal Tenets of Islam1546 Words   |  7 PagesTenets of Islam Islam is, debatably, the fastest growing religion in the world today. At a level of 1.2 billion, they represent approximately 22% of the worlds population. Moslems make up the second largest religion in the world, surpassed only to Christianity at 33%. This is according to the 1999 World Almanac and Book of Facts (724). What is Islam? Who is a Moslem? What do they believe? How does one become a Moslem? In 1964, Philip K. Hitti addressed the rapid emergence of Islam throughoutRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam1157 Words   |  5 Pagesof Islam Compared to Christian Beliefs In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars (â€Å"Islam†). In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live their life by (â€Å"Christianity†). The three pillars of Islam that will be identified resemble some of the beliefs in Christianity. The declaration of faith, prayerRead MoreThe Beliefs Of Islam And The Five Pillars1322 Words   |  6 Pages      Islam is not only religion, but a way of life followed by over 1 billion Muslims. Islam identifies the six articles of faith, central beliefs that every Muslim must believe in order to be a true Muslim. These include the belief in existence and unity of God, existence of angels, God’s revelation to humans in holy books, God appointing prophets to all people, resurrection and life after death, and God’s Will and human freedom of choice (Ewing, 2004, p. 1). The importance of these beliefs can beRead MoreIslam s Views On Islam Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pages Islam is one of the largest religions in the world, with over 1 billion followers. It is a faith based on revelations received by the Prophet Muhammad in Saudi-Arabia 17th century. The Arabic word Islam which means â€Å"submission,† reflecting the faith s central tenet of submitting to the will of God (Islam). Muslims are the followers of Islam. Christianity’s is one of the most influential religio ns in history. It’s based on the teachings of Jesus Christ 2,000 years ago. Based on the life andRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On Society1653 Words   |  7 Pagesthe believers. Although they have different views on Gods and the creation events, the foundation of both of the religions are based on good deeds and treating other people fairly. On the other hand, Islam believes in the emphasis of spiritual and moral character. More than any other religions, Islam focuses on the idea of the Golden rule. These religions are similar in some aspects, but different in others. With over 2 billion followers, Christianity is one of the most popular religions in theRead MoreThe Five Pillars Of Islam1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe five pillars of Islam are five official acts considered mandatory for all Muslims. The  Quran  presents them as a structure of devotion and a sign of obligation to faith. One most accomplish them all to live a good and responsible life according to Islam. These pillars comprise of:  Shahada which means the declaration of faith, preforming the five daily prayers, giving money to the needy and the poor, cleansing the soul through fasting during the month of Ramadan, the pilgrimage once in a lifetimeRead MoreRumi Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica. His poetry reflects the teachings of Islam and his opinions on various matters such as faith, prayer, love, free will etc. are assembled in a book called â€Å"The signs of the Unseen†. Occasionally, commentators dissociate Rumi poetry’s from Islam but the fact is th at Rumi’s entire writings are inspired from the Quran and sayings of Prophet (PBUH) and represent the essence of Islam. Rumi sheds light on many important aspects of Islam and that is the reason that many writersRead MoreExplain The Significance Of The Five Pillars Of Islam1360 Words   |  6 Pagesexpression of the faith of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam are pivotal in expressing the Islamic faith for the global community and individual adherent. It unifies adherents with a common spiritual identity within the umma which in turn encourages social cohesion. Many Islamic nations incorporate the faith in laws and promote social welfare to inspire moral behaviour within the society. Ethics, acts of worship and core beliefs of the Islamic tradition are supported by the Five Pillars of Islam (ShahadahRead MoreIslam And Science Bond : The Five Pillars Of Faith1561 Words   |  7 PagesTraditions such as the five pillars of faith in the Islamic religion create and establish the foundations of the particular faith just as the Ten Commandments set the precedent for the catholic beliefs. These five pillars are known as Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawn and Hajj. These along with the other significant beliefs of Islam enable one to â€Å"detach† themselves from any outside distraction and face their full attention to God in order to live a resurrected life of peace. The Islamic worldview,

Death A Very Deep Impact On The Way That Everyman Essay

What Every Man Should Strive For. Engl. 102: Composition and Literature Fall B Term, 2016 Robert D. Tice L26695780 APA Thesis Statement: Death has a very deep impact upon the way that â€Å"Everyman† is understood. This play explains greatly the impact of our deeds on us when the time comes that we have reached deaths door. Outline 1. Introduction and thesis statement 2. Authors interpretation of the play a. What points the author is trying to present to the reader. b. How the author wants the reader to perceive the play. 3. Authors perception of death a. Author wants the reader to know his ideas of death. b. How the author feels death affects us and how we affect death depending on how we live. 4. Authors treatment of death a. How the author perceives death and interacts with death. b. What the author feels as to how they will treat death. 5. Conclusion. Death has a very deep impact upon the way that â€Å"Everyman† is understood. This play portrays death and god and how we really should live our lives in order to know for sure where we will go once we have left this life and gone into the next one. This play explains greatly the impact of our deeds on us when the time comes that we have reached deaths door. Will we go to Heaven and stand before the lord and recount our good we have done in life? Or will we be sent to Hell for failing to live the life God had intended us to live here on Earth? â€Å"Everyman†Show MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Everyman1161 Words   |  5 PagesEveryman, a morality play, was written in the late fifteenth century with the intention of communicating to both educated, as well as, illiterate audiences’ some of the moral instructions regarding the way to live life and prepare for judgment day. Liberty University (Lesson 26 presentation) says, â€Å"This play taught masses of people about Christ and what constitutes a God centered moral life.† (Liberty University. n.d.) The use of characters such as; Death, Goods, Beauty, Knowledge, Good deeds, andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Play Everyman 1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe play â€Å"Everyman† is a representative work depicting virtues of mid century Europe. This play brings with it a strong influence of the mid century Christianity. â€Å"Everyman† specifically portrayed vividly the reaction of human beings in the face of death. Its deep discussion i nto the worth of living and philosophical interpretations has surpassed category of religion at the time. It involved every person who’s ever thought about the meaning of life. Similarly, we can also see the shadow of a philosophicalRead More The Poetry of Billy Collins Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Poetry of Billy Collins In 2001 a new poet laureate was crowned and a new voice; the voice of a poetic everyman was heard by many for the first time. That voice belonged to Billy Collins. Collins was born into a working-class Bronx couple, and grew up in a typical middle-class neighborhood where he went to church on Sundays and listened to jazz music in his free time. This middle-class background and sensibilities are reflected in his poetic style and themes, and in his desire to bringRead MoreThe Successful Social Media Campaign Of Red Bull Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesANALYSIS OF THE SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN OF RED BULL Successful ad campaigns are normally founded on deep psychological insights. Great brands combine meaningful and powerful inspirational messages to communicate to their audiences in ways that touch them. They also strive to ensure that their products and services are credible and trustworthy. During campaigns, messages delivered in a thought-provoking manner are likely to be shared virally by brand fans and this boosts the credibility andRead MoreModernist Drama Essay2500 Words   |  10 Pagesothers, to create dramatic masterpieces that thrill, dazzle and overwhelm the audience by appealing to their emotions. However, the dawn of twentieth century gave rise to new theatrical forms that take the audience into a world of unfamiliarity and deep introspection. While modern plays differ vastly in form, scope and origin, they all deviate from Aristotle’s code by rejecting the fundamental belief that a drama must arouse specific emotions in its spectators. Specifically, the plays o f Anton ChekhovRead MoreThe Battle of Okinawa Analysis1863 Words   |  8 Pageseffect and failed each time. Finally, the Allies started to gain ground quite quickly. The Japanese had to move their defensive lines several time because the Americans were boxing them in. At las,t General Ushijima ordered everyman to fight till the death and the fighting became very disorganized. On June 21, all the loss ends were tied up. America had won Okinawa. Okinawa was needed by the Allies in order to attack mainland Japan. After obtaining it Okinawa would be used as a staging ground for theRead MoreEssay on Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura3891 Words   |  16 Pagesdeveloped preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies acquired behavioral dispositions, and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the butter and squeezing the trigger, or perhaps the other way around. 2. Perception of the object is a firsthand chance to look, admire, but dont touch a pistol and a pound of butter at close range. 3. ObservationRead MoreOld Man and the Sea5543 Words   |  23 Pagesparable of one mans perseverance through the hardest of times. The courage and determination of an old fisherman shines through while trying to catch a fish that will truly test his ability. Far out to the sea, alone in a small boat, he hooks the very fish of his life. It is a tale of the battle between the fish and the old man for survival ensues, as they push each other to their physical limits, alone with each other in the ocean far away.(1) In the following passagaes, I attempt to illustrateRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesbroadly from areas such as anthropology and ethnography, as well as occasional incursions from economics, political ‘science’, and industrial relations. There are also some elements taken from the arts and humanities such as philosophy, history and (very controversially) literary and art criticism. It is, then, a broad field which, to add to the confusion, also goes under several different names, some of which you will encounter when reading texts on the subject. The two main areas are generally calledRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagessturdy side, At once began to brawl: God bless me but the Elephant Is very like a wall. The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, Ho! What have we here So very round and smooth and sharp? To me tis mighty clear This wonder of an Elephant Is very like a spear! The Third approached the animal, And happening to take The squirming trunk within his hands, Thus boldly up and spake: I see, quoth he, The Elephant Is very like a snake! The Fourth reached out an eager hand, And felt around the knee

The Responsibility of Data Mining In Modern-Day Firms samples for Stud

Question: Discuss About The Responsibility Of Data Mining In Modern-Day Firms? Answer: Introduction The corporations that function in the contemporary era are until the end of time on the lookout for improved techniques that will progress their functioning activities and will constantly increase the edge of competitiveness in the marketplace (Braun, 2014). The businesses in order to augment their dealings attempt in the increment of their customer foundation and therefore get hold of the information of their possible customers to arrive at t their customer pedestal. Additionally, it is even essential for the associations to maintain a proper documentation concerning the data and necessary information about their active clientele for reaching them as per the requirement. Consequently, there has been an observation that the exercise of data software and assessment methods and tools have resulted in the growth of the market. There has also been a segregation of the market requirements and be aware of the market trend to create their business stratagem in an appropriate manner (Baker, 2014). Data mining is diversity of the mechanisms of data analytics that were mainly used up to that time for keeping an eye on and finding out any dishonest procedures. The progression of data mining has been very effectual for having a control of the safety measures of a nation and mainly in the sectors of the healthcare. On the other hand, in recent times the present-day business is going ahead with the exploitation of this procedure because of its wide range of reimbursements (Kumar Reinartz, 2012). It is of momentous and grave importance that purpose and the companies understand roles of data mining properly so that they can be exploited morally for the reason of accumulating and storing up of the information of the clientele. The responsibility of Data mining in modern-day Firms There has been an observation about the facts that the companies that functions in the multifaceted business financial system prepares business documents with the assistance of their know-how and information for helping the management to commence activities of up lifting the show of the industry. The equipments of data examination are helpful in gaining knowledge about the major performance pointers that are helpful for appropriate gathering and accumulating of the data of clientele (Lohr, 2015). The data mining process do not have a concern with the investigation of the information however; the method starts with the acquiring, putting together and stocking up the records. Further, it goes with the sorting out the data of useful nature for the examination of the active frameworks to make certain that these frameworks make available the excellent consequences (Miles et al., 2013). In the modern circumstance, it is observed that the individuals bring into play a variety of online sources at time of submitting many details and records. Those individuals are conscious about the fact that the businesses are accumulating this data for upcoming employment. Nevertheless, the clientele do not have a preference about their individual or confidential information being spread to other resources from the corporation. Hence, it is of greatest significance that the corporations apply process of data mining to help them for the classification of the information. The categorization of the in formation helps the associations in protecting the individual information in an appropriate record. It also restricts them from being distributed to a variety of resources (Denhardt et al., 2013). The procedure of information mining is completed with the aid of analytical engineers and those engineers, with the assistance of their awareness and knowledge makes an effort to set up the concluding consequence. The progression of Data mining in the past was functional for the users of the closing stages. Yet, in recent times it is spotted that, the industries are making the most of this device so that the investigation and the other problems can be suitably functioned, in that way generating a wide-ranging description. The mechanism of data mining entails the classification of the data from a immeasurable data pool and in that way comprehends the patterns of the information that is useful (Creswell, 2012). The procedure of data mining outlets with the assistance of the universal arrangement and consequently, the probability of any unprofessional conduct are reduced. The progression of data mining in the company of their classification character enlarges the awareness of the business and in this manner recovers the performance of the same in a much superior approach and thus enhancing their facility excellence. It does satisfy the customers that they have an intelligence of acquaintance that their confidentiality is being sustained. It is the task of data mining and other equipments of data analytic to increase the precise information for enhanced industry presentation as it lends a hand to achieve information about the main suitable activities of the organization in that way getting hold of the correct data. The results that are created with the assist of these equipments are helpful for finding out the results that are inspected by the administration to achieve information. It is observed that whether the information is appropriate for the company and whether they aid the business to carry out the accurate business pronouncements. A perfect data-mining modus operandi is helpful for the augmentation of the industry and amplifies the client contentment towards the industry (Vernallis et al., 2013). The data analysis, mining, and methods lift up the worth of the information and expertise subdivision of an organization. The abilities and the information that are available in print by the department of information and technology are very constructive for a competent data mining course of action and in that way boosts up the significance of this section. The procedure of Data mining also give support to the association to be aware of the present market style and the client demands and by this means supports the enterprise to take on essential business verdicts. Recognition of the repercussion of Ethics while stocking up and assembly of information of customer There subsist quite a lot of principled dares that are in link with the gathering, defending and accumulating of the client information with the records of the associations. The businesses get hold of and document a set of information that has a relation to the clientele in their innermost processor records (Ott Longnecker, 2015). The principled issues are associated to the information are inspected by taking into account three indications that constitute the principled legal responsibilities that an association has in the direction of the customers, workers to form principled tasks and the customer to accompany principled errands. The accumulating and the storing of the data are very important for the development of the client examination in the way of increasing the business. It is imperative that the data that is gathered from the clientele composed morally and the customers are not obliged to give out any individual information if not wished for (Dapp et al., 2014). The workforc e of the organization has particular moral liabilities as well. It is done by restraining the data browsing related to the customers and put a ceiling on the sale of such data in the external marketplace to the associated parties. The clientele even have the accountability to divide the specific data to the corporations thereby diminishing the amount of fake information. It is observed that the principled restitution and congregation of the information of the clientele and augmented consciousness of the workers to discontinue the personal information allocation motivates the clientele to divide their unique information as they have the reassurance that their confidentiality will be preserved. As a result, it is observed that the principles enfold the system of recording and getting hold of the information by meeting the requirements to the regulations of solitude (Kolesnikov et al., 2015). The data compilation procedure from the clientele make an effort to make known the sort of commodities the customers are acquiring and they aim to find out the period duration and feature that is connected with their acquisition. The other principled inference puts a light to the information accuracy for the reason that the incorrect data will produce forged results that in some way can corrupt the existence of the customers. The organizations consequently attempt to bring together the information by believing the clientele concerning their data conservation method so that exact and unambiguous information can be attained that can give support to publishing of the most excellent results that can show the way to suitable company judgment building and perceiving about the requirements of the clientele (Clarke, 2017). The principled proposal if preserved by the organizations will make certain the customers that their privacy of data is in safe hands and protected. Thus, there has been a discovery that companys have to to bring together data by means of a number of stages thereby knowing the requirements of the customers and therefore can provide out essential and wide-ranging services to the clients by this mean s escalating the edge of competition of the marketplace. Conclusion The paper under consideration look into the procedure of the data analytical methods and data mining that are introduced by a variety of organizations for the improvement of their company actions. This study tries to talk about about the responsibility of data mining and about how data mining is important in dividing the confidential and universal information of the clientele. It also considers the storage of the individual information securely so that this information does not fall into the incorrect hand. The next part of the study talks about the principled inference with respect to the assembling and gathering of the customer records in an accurate manner so that the information are shielded and clientele achieve the assurance to distribute their genuine information in that way attaining the correct outcome. References Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Braun, E. (2014).Futile progress: technology's empty promise. Routledge. Clark, E. G. (2017).Integrating Consumer Feedback Into Business Marketing Strategies(Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). Creswell, J. W. (2012).Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Dapp, T. F., Heine, V., Slomka, L., AG, D. B., Hoffmann, R. (2014). Big data. Denhardt, R. B., Denhardt, J. V., Blanc, T. A. (2013).Public administration: An action orientation. Cengage Learning. Kolesnikov, N., Hastings, E., Keays, M., Melnichuk, O., Tang, Y. A., Williams, E., ... Megy, K. (2015). ArrayExpress updatesimplifying data submissions. Nucleic acids research, 43(D1), D1113-D1116. Kumar, V., Reinartz, W. (2012).Customer relationship management: Concept, strategy, and tools. Springer Science Business Media. Lohr, S. (2015).Data-ism. Oneworld Publications. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldana, J. (2013).Qualitative data analysis. Sage. Ott, R. L., Longnecker, M. T. (2015). An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. Nelson Education. Vernallis, C., Herzog, A., Richardson, J. (Eds.). (2013).The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media. Oxford University Press.

Social Alienation

Abstract Social alienation exists in many countries around the world. For example, over the decades, societies have continued to experience marginalization and lower social mobility. Inequalities in education, income, and health highlight the worsening impact of social alienation in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Alienation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the existence of these social ills, western countries perceive social alienation differently from Eastern countries. America and Europe, for example, perceive social alienation as undesirable. Comparatively, Eastern countries accept social alienation as a normal practice. This analysis shows that social alienation is perceptual. Based on this analysis, this paper explains the contextual nature of social alienation by demonstrating that, unlike western countries, countries from the East (notably Asia) have learned to embrace alienati on as an acceptable social practice. This view stems from the differences in economic, social, and political structures of western and non-western societies. These structures also inform the existence of social alienation and individualism in contemporary society. Introduction Social alienation refers to the lack of cohesion among groups or individuals. The low level of integration may arise from the lack of common values or beliefs among people (Ilardi, 2009). Social alienation is a growing problem in modern society and it exists in different contexts. Racism and class differentials are the most common denominators for defining social alienation today (Ilardi, 2009). For example, some sociologists (Immanuel, 2011; Ilardi, 2009) believe racism is the most divisive social factor today. However, other researchers, such as Morrison (2006), say class overrides racism as the most divisive factor in modern society. For example, many Americans understand social stratification along three l ines – the rich, middle class, and the poor (Immanuel, 2011). Gilbert (2010), a sociologist, for example, uses six criteria for defining human societies – upper class, upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class, working class, and lower working class. He says many societies use such divisions to alienate people (Gilbert, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More America leads most countries in practicing social alienation (Immanuel, 2011). Ilardi (2009) quotes a survey from Duke University, which reported that social alienation has worsened in the past two decades. Statistics show that a quarter of the American population feels segregated from the community (Gilbert, 2010). Such people do not have anyone to confide in. Duke University further reports that 50% of Americans do not have a close â€Å"confidant,† besides their family members (Ilardi, 2009 ). Statistics collected in 1985 reveal that this trend has worsened over the years because only 10% of the American population felt isolated at the time (Ilardi, 2009). Social alienation has spread to almost all aspects of society. For example, Ilardi (2009) says social alienation exists even in the highest and most prestigious educational institutions. Although Gilbert (2010) says many people understand the need to eliminate social alienation, non-western societies (notably, Asia) do not have a problem with the practice (Mishra, 2012). For example, social alienation exists as an acceptable social practice in many Asian societies, like China and India (Mishra, 2012). Moreover, such societies do not experience the same effects of social alienation as western societies do (for example, social alienation does not cause divisions among people in such societies) (Mishra, 2012). The differences between western and non-western perceptions of social alienation arouse curiosity regarding the reasons for this division. To answer this question, this paper explains that social alienation is contextual. Therefore, unlike western countries, countries from the East (notably, Asia) perceive social alienation as an acceptable practice, while western societies do not. This study explains these differences by discussing the economic, social and political structures of western and non-western societies, which inform isolation and individualism (or the lack of it) in contemporary society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Alienation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The structure of this paper explores the theoretical background of social alienation, eastern and western perceptions of alienation, and measures that both societies could take to reduce the practice. First, it is important to understand the depth of the differences in eastern and western perceptions of social alienation. Perceptions of Social Alienation Few researchers dispute the fact that social alienation is more severe today than in the past (Mishra, 2012; Immanuel, 2011). This paper already shows that western societies have the highest prevalence of social alienation today. This section of the paper explains the depth of the differences in eastern and western perceptions of social alienation and how the social, economic, and political structures of the east and the west affect their perceptions of social alienation. Western Perception Although studies show that the prevalence of social alienation is higher in Western societies, it is important to point out that social alienation is undesired by western societies. Ilardi (2009) says most western societies consider social alienation as an unwanted and negative practice. In fact, western societies often associate social alienation with personal â€Å"emptiness† (Ilardi, 2009). Szirmai (2005) says specific western liberties and rights have contributed to this per ception. Notably, the quest to be free and independent has made most people to be individualistic (Szirmai, 2005). This fact stems from the western view that most people are private citizens and responsible for their destinies. There is therefore little concern regarding what other people do, or need (Ilardi, 2009). Particularly, this view explains the quest for individual success in western societies (Ilardi, 2009). Individualism is at the center of this analysis because success shares a close relationship with individualism. Certainly, most westerners believe people should take ownership for their mistakes and success (Szirmai, 2005). To avoid the pitfalls of failure, people therefore strive to make individual decisions, thereby fuelling the spread of social alienation. There is therefore a strong sense of indifference to people in western societies because of this fact.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An example from the work of Pappenheim (2013) highlights an example of indifference towards people in western societies when he explains an incidence where a man attacked a woman with a knife in Kew gardens, New York. In front of other people, the man wounded a woman with a knife and killed her, without experiencing any opposition from dozens of onlookers who witnessed the incident (Pappenheim, 2013). In fact, Pappenheim (2013) says 38 people witnessed the incident and none of them helped the victim, even as she cried for help. This example shows the extent that social alienation has permeated western societies and almost like a plague, it has made people less â€Å"inhuman.† Consequently, Szirmai (2005) says people who are aware of social alienation in the society (in the western world) are few because many people have become immune to it. From the extreme nature of social alienation and its undesirable effect on humanity, western societies consider it an undesirable concept (although few people do anything about it) (Pappenheim, 2013). Nonetheless, as shown through the analysis below, most non-western societies do not experience the extremes of social alienation, as witnessed in western societies, because they have a different view of the practice. Indeed, such societies embrace social alienation as an acceptable social practice. Eastern Perception In the context of this study, the Eastern perception of social alienation mainly refers to the social, cultural, and economic systems of Asia, and similar subcultures shared by societies in the geographic Eastern region of the world, which inform their understanding of social alienation. Unlike western countries, most eastern societies support the existence of social alienation in the society. A deeper comparison of Eastern and Western philosophies show that both paradigms perceive social alienation differently. Western societies conceive social alienation as an undesirable practice, while Eastern societies perceive the same practice as an important tool for self-growth. These differences manifest in different ways. For example, Henion (2013) replicates the same differences in explaining the American and Chinese lifestyles. He says, Americans love a culture of self-promotion, but China prefers a society that promotes the â€Å"collective good.† A study by Michigan state university affirms the same view after it reported that many Americans preferred having virtual friends, as opposed to spending quality time outside the realms of the virtual world (Henion, 2013). Their comparatively high presence on social networking sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, shows the extent that mass cultures prevail in the American society. Comparatively, the same study found that Chinese people preferred to have many real friends, as opposed to virtual friends (hence their fewer numbers in social networking sites, compared to America and other western countries) (Henion, 2013). The same study aff irmed that Chinese people dislike a â€Å"me too† culture, which characterizes the western society. Henion (2013) says these differences show the individualistic nature of the American society, which strives to take credit for all good things that happen, while avoiding blame for any wrongdoing that may occur. The Chinese culture fails to mirror the same philosophy because people take responsibility for whatever wrongs that may happen and attribute successes to teamwork and group effort (Henion, 2013). The public indifference to social alienation in the East stems from the political organization of Eastern States (Gluck, 1991). In China, for example, political mobilization occurs through the creation of an atomized society (Ernest Breuilly, 2008). This situation is often normal for authoritarian regimes because it enables leaders to consolidate power (Wong Bo, 2010). Moreover, in such countries, the government does not recognize the distinction between public and private li fe. People live in atomized systems that pledge their loyalty to a central power (Henion, 2013). Therefore, such societies regard any type of social organization that does not follow this structure as subversive to the goal of social cohesion. Wong Bo (2010) say this situation is conducive to social alienation, but interestingly, he adds that social alienation is a normal characteristic of such societies. Theoretical Background This section of the paper explains the conceptual framework of social alienation. It explores the views of researchers who have greatly contributed to the understanding of social alienation in the western and non-western societies. The significance of this theoretical framework is the understanding of social, political, and economic structures that differentiate the western and non-western perceptions of social alienation. Therefore, through this understanding, it would be easy to understand the structural differences of western and non-western societies tha t make both societies perceive social alienation differently. Similarly, through this theoretical background, it would be easy to understand how the social, economic, and political pillars of non-western countries make them more receptive to social alienation. Notably, the theories of Durkheim, Weber, and Karl Marx contribute to this discussion. Karl Marx Karl Marx contributed to the understanding of social alienation through the Marxist theory which explains societal structures that support social alienation in the western world. He described social alienation as an antecedent of the industrial revolution (Morrison, 2006). Marx says social alienation affects people because the industrial revolution produces a â€Å"mechanized† society (Morrison, 2006). He attributes this situation to the spread of capitalism in the western world because capitalism denies workers their right to forge fulfilling social relationships (Morrison, 2006). Stated differently, Marx said the capitalis t system alienates workers from their humanity by depriving them the power to think (mechanistic lifestyles) (Morrison, 2006). For example, capitalism reduces people to factors of production (Immanuel, 2011). Most people are therefore at work and rarely get time to spend with their family. Marx says although the capitalist system recognizes workers as individual entities, the upper class (owners of factors of production) normally dictate their lives (mostly their goals and ambitions) (Immanuel, 2011). He further says, the bourgeoisie class does not sympathize with the working class because they want to extract maximum value from them (Immanuel, 2011). It is difficult to blame them for pursuing this goal because they are following the rules of business competition, which started from the industrial revolution. From the Marxist view, a structural analysis of social alienation in the East reveals that its acceptance stems from labor structures of these countries. Certainly, unlike the capitalist system, the communist system broadens the definition of labor by seeking people’s talents and abilities for mass production (Mishra, 2012). Comparatively, the capitalist system narrows the definition of labor into a small perspective of minimal wage analysis. As opposed to benefitting both the workers and the organizations that employ them, the capitalist system exploits workers by deriving maximum value from them (Kenneth Topik, 2012). The communist perception of labor differs from this view because bourgeoisie wishes do not define the relationship between factors of production and production. Instead, communism operates from a classless framework, where the system recognizes worker-inputs, based on the value they create to the society, and not the profits they provide to the ruling class (Mishra, 2012). Overall, the communist system differs from the capitalist system because communist societies have a collective ownership of production factors, while capitalist systems do not. Workers in the communist system therefore develop identities that mirror the ideals of a communist society. Through the collective ownership of the factors of production, Kenneth Topik (2012) say Eastern countries embrace social alienation. Weber and the Theory of Rationalization Weber explored the role of industrial growth in regulating human interaction. He explored how the influence of the industrial revolution affected people’s happiness (Morrison, 2006). His analysis shows that the industrial revolution rationalized societies in three distinct ways. The first involved a personal cost-benefit calculation of social interactions (Morrison, 2006). To explain this view, Weber said, â€Å"Human beings choose the basis of rational calculi by weighing up advantages and disadvantages with the goal of an optimization. They then estimate a risk, as the product of the extent of the damage threatening and the probability of the event, and weigh it with their persona l risk preference† (Hronszky, 2005, p. 59). His second view of how the industrial revolution rationalized the society involves the transformation of human societies into bureaucracies (Morrison, 2006). Weber believed that bureaucratic principles would have a firm grip on human society. He made this assertion by associating bureaucracy to rationalization. Through this view, he believed rationalization charts the course of human interaction and societal development (Morrison, 2006). Unlike modern theorists that advocate for the elimination of bureaucracy as a form of institutional governance, Weber did not see an alternative to the concept. He therefore believed that the bureaucracy would eventually lead to the creation of an â€Å"iron-cage† society (Hronszky, 2005). This perception forced Weber to predict a bleak future for human interaction (Morrison, 2006). He said people would eventually be unhappy because capitalism would force them to operate within a narrow realm of rules and control, without the hope of ever changing this situation. Besides bureaucratization, Weber also perceived rationalization as a process that strives to conceive reality through magic and mystery (Hronszky, 2005). This view was his third explanation of how the industrial revolution rationalized the society. Although most of Weber’s assertions affirmed Marxist principles, it is important to understand that his views also contradicted the latter. One distinctive difference of their views was the use of profit-maximization and rational calculations, as bases for understanding human relationships. Marx advocated for the use of profit-maximization, as the basis for understanding human relationships, while Weber said rational calculations could explain the same (Hronszky, 2005). Weber also used the Marxist understanding of capitalism to present a wider conception of bureaucracy (Hronszky, 2005). He said capitalism was a wider long-run social trend of bureaucratizing the society (Morrison, 2006). Unlike Marx, Weber said the motive to make a profit was not only distinct to the capitalist system. Instead, he said, â€Å"new in capitalism is the rational organization of production for sustained profitability, making use of systematic book-keeping records† (Hronszky, 2005, p. 2). Weber also equated the rise of new and emerging markets (mostly in non-western societies) to the spread of rationalization. He said the emergence of new markets spurred a new way of thinking, in terms of cost and benefits (Morrison, 2006). Personal concerns and relationships were therefore secondary considerations in this new way of thinking. The emergence of the growth of radical thinking is therefore a new system of harnessing human capabilities for the benefit of corporations and multinationals (with little regard for human relationships). This view explains why many emerging markets (mostly in Asia) accept social alienation. Durkheim and Solidarity Durkheim’s principles closely resembled the principles of Marx and Weber. Like his colleagues, he blamed social alienation to the growth of industrialization (Morrison, 2006). Notably, Durkheim feared that the industrial revolution would eventually lead to unhappiness. Stated differently, Durkheim said the most important attribute of human existence was social solidarity. Some researchers refer to the same concern as â€Å"promoting a sense of community† (Hronszky, 2005, p. 5). Durkheim’s beliefs appeared in most of his work. For example, in his book, Suicide, he said that the lack of social solidarity explains the high incidence of suicide in the society (Hronszky, 2005). He equated the lack of social solidarity to the rising individuality in Protestant churches because Catholics often advocate for social solidarity (Morrison, 2006). A deeper analysis into the works of Durkheim shows that social solidarity manifests in different clusters. He said the first cluster was the mecha nical adoption of social cohesiveness (Morrison, 2006). A mechanical organic society bonds people through mechanistic attributes like education, religion, and training (Morrison, 2006). Some researchers say this type of social cohesion stems from homogeneous traits that attract people to one another (the prevalence of mechanistic solidarity is higher in small societies) (Hronszky, 2005). The second cluster of social cohesion is organic solidarity. This type of solidarity stems from the interdependence that binds different societies together. Again, industrialization birthed this interdependence because job specialization formed different interdependent social and professional groups (Morrison, 2006). Unlike mechanical solidarity, the prevalence of organic solidarity is higher in advanced societies. To further explain this type of social cohesion, Hronszky (2005) says, â€Å"Although individuals perform different tasks and often have different values and interest, the order and very solidarity of society depends on their reliance on each other to perform their specified tasks† (p. 5). These three types of social solidarity explain social alienation through the rationalization theory. How to Reduce Social Alienation Stewart Barrà ³n (2006) admit that the elimination, or reduction, of social alienation in the society is a difficult and multifaceted issue. From this admission, they advocate for a sensible approach to the formulation of social, economic, or political interventions to solve this issue. Regardless of this suggestion, both researchers admit that any intervention aimed at stemming out this vice should address group discrimination (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). They also say any intervention for eliminating social alienation should have a political dimension (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). Nonetheless, broad understandings of such interventions highlight similarities with affirmative action. In fact, both interventions ordinarily include political and economic interventions for allocating political and economic power to vulnerable groups. This action should not discriminate between public and private sectors, but Stewart Barrà ³n (2006) admit that such interventions are more effective in the public sector. This focus shows that policy interventions present the highest hope for reducing social alienation. Policy interventions ordinarily cover legislative approaches for empowering disenfranchised groups. Lee (2010) says policy formulators should ensure they consider the political and social sensitivity (described above) when formulating effective policy interventions. He also says policies should go beyond providing opportunities for marginalized groups because such groups cannot exploit these opportunities with the same effectiveness as other groups would (Lee, 2010). This observation is especially true for groups that have experienced social alienation for long periods. To affirm this view, Stewart Barrà ³n (2006) argue that , â€Å"Without any overt discrimination, the children of long-term privileged groups may do better in any competitive examinations, and so on. Moreover, disadvantage has many aspects, some of which are unclear. Social networks and information about education, jobs, and economic opportunities are often strongly group-related, so what seems like a level playing field is not† (p. 11). After acknowledging the weaknesses of general policy interventions, Stewart Barrà ³n (2006) say policy interventions to eliminate social alienation may take three formats. The first type involves the elimination of policies that promote social alienation. Changes in such policies should address indirect and direct social alienation. The second category of policy interventions should strive to empower alienated groups to perform better in social, economic, or political contexts (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). The third approach involves the formulation of social, economic, and political targets for t he betterment of a person’s abilities. Lee (2010) believes the second category of policy intervention would be the most effective way of eliminating social alienation because it promotes competition. This advantage makes it easy to rally people to support this cause. The redirection of public expenditure would also achieve the same objective of reducing social alienation by redirecting more resources to marginalized people. This strategy would solve a perennial problem of capitalism – the failure of the capitalist system to empower everybody. In fact, many pundits say capitalism creates an extremely wealthy society, which thrives under the sweat of an extremely poor society (social alienation) (Morrison, 2006). The redirection of resources to these vulnerable groups would help to solve some of the problems associated with capitalism because it may give an opportunity for vulnerable groups to enjoy the fruits of capitalism, as people who own factors of production do. No netheless, the possibility that privileged groups would oppose this strategy is high. Similarly, there is a high possibility that some sections of government, which represent these privileged groups, would also oppose the same strategy. One issue that may arise during the process of implementing such a strategy is the public expenditure implications of introducing such a strategy. The introduction of targets, or quotas, as a measure of reducing social alienation is perhaps the most controversial strategy for reducing social alienation. The controversy surrounds the implementation of the strategy in the private sector. For example, it is easy for governments to implement elements of affirmative action in their policy frameworks. However, it is very difficult to introduce the same standard in the private sector. The difficulty exists from the fact that introducing extraneous policies in the private sector contravenes the spirit of pro-liberalization of the free market. Despite this di fficultly, history shows that some countries have adopted this strategy with relative success. For example, America, New Zealand, and Northern Ireland (examples of western countries) have used the same strategy to reduce social alienation (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). Fiji, India, and Malaysia are some Eastern countries that have also adopted the same strategy successfully (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). Some of these countries have achieved a reduction of social alienation by promoting the group ownership of assets. For example, some countries promote group ownership of land, as a strategy for reducing social alienation. The same countries have achieved the same objective by regulating employment policies to promote equal access to employment (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). Research shows that the adoption of the above strategies reduces social alienation, but does not eliminate the practice from the society (Lee, 2010). The same studies do not guarantee an improvement in the effectiveness o f production if societies adopt the same strategies to reduce social alienation (Lee, 2010). Theoretically, it is important to understand that the adoption of the above strategies should provide both positive and negative effects to the society. One negative effect is the interference with competitive activities in a free-market system. However, such negative effects do not override the benefit of reducing discrimination and social alienation in the society. In fact, a broader analysis of this issue shows that the existence of social alienation would eventually lead to inefficient resource allocation, thereby eroding the assumption that a free-market system would lead to efficient allocation of resources, if left alone. Evidence of the adoption of the above strategies in Malaysia undermines concerns that the adoption of the above strategies would introduce inefficiencies in free-market economies. Indeed, Malaysia has adopted strategies that reduce social alienation, while upholding economic growth, at the same time (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). A deeper analysis of the Malaysian case shows that the country minimized social alienation (associated with capitalism) by adopting the above strategies. For example, Lee (2010) says in 1969, the country experienced ethnic riots that decried the high level of social alienation in the country. Before the riots, race was a function of economic position. This situation led to poverty and economic imbalance in the country (Lee, 2010). Policy interventions aimed to correct this situation by expanding social services and promoting rural development. The central government also encouraged group land ownership to promote the distribution of national assets to marginalized groups (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). The formulation and implementation of these policies reduced intergroup inequalities. Income distribution among different groups also improved significantly. Malaysia also experienced political harmony after the introduction of these policies. In fact, Lee (2010) says that after 1969, the country has not witnessed any serious political conflict. Besides Malaysia, some western countries have also adopted the above strategies to reduce social alienation. Notably, Northern Ireland successfully formulated and adopted inclusionary policies to reduce the high level of social alienation that most Catholics faced in the country. Stewart Barrà ³n (2006) say the Northern Ireland society alienated Catholics in the 15th and 16th centuries after groups from Protestant churches colonized the country (the Protestants controlled vast economic resources throughout the country). They also ensured they controlled political power by controlling economic activities and maintaining majority representation in government. The Catholics experienced social alienation on many fronts (political, social, and economic). This marginalization led to the outbreak of violence in the 1970s (Stewart Barrà ³n, 2006). However, after the B ritish government committed itself to reduce this social inequality by introducing corrective policies, Catholics decided to stop the violence. The government introduced fair employment acts to stop the high level of unemployment witnessed among the Catholic population. This legislation also reduced inequalities in education and housing. Another agreement between the Catholics and the Protestants (Good Friday Agreement) also corrected economic inequality. Comprehensively, these legislative changes led to a revolution of the social status of the Catholics in Northern Ireland. To sum them up, Stewart Barrà ³n (2006) say, â€Å"Inequality in access to higher education was eliminated by the 1990s; inequality in incomes was reduced; the housing inequality was significantly reduced; and the employment profile and unemployment rates became more equal; even the imbalance in recruitment to the RUC was slowly being reversed† (p. 17). Today, observers say the policy interventions in N orthern Ireland stand out among the greatest governmental efforts to reduce social alienation in one generation (Lee, 2010). Evidence of the adoption of inclusive policy interventions therefore shows that they can work in Eastern and Western societies. Conclusion After weighing the findings of this study, it is important to acknowledge the differences between Eastern and Western perceptions of social alienation. Both regions acknowledge the existence of social alienation, but western societies consider it an undesirable practice. However, Eastern societies accept social alienation as an acceptable practice. Social, economic, and political structures explain why such societies embrace the practice. Although the political view of this analysis shows that most Eastern societies embrace social alienation because it is the main platform for the mass mobilization of people, the economic structures of such societies outline the main reason for the acceptance of social alienation in the Eas t. The same is true for western societies because economic structures created (and supported) social alienation. Indeed, from an economic standpoint, Weber and Marx say that industrialization has worsened social alienation because it dehumanizes societies by creating social tiers of production. This paper draws from this understanding and shows that the minimization of social alienation could occur if policy interventions correct the excesses of capitalism. The elimination of policies that promote social alienation should be the first strategy for reducing its effects on the society. However, the â€Å"politically correct† strategy to adopt is empowering alienated groups to compete with privileged groups because this strategy does not interfere with the spirit of fair competition. The success of such interventions in Malaysia and Northern Ireland shows that such interventions could be successful in reducing social alienation in the East and West. Significant challenges exist with the introduction of these policy interventions, but most of them should correct economic, political, and social imbalances. References Ernest, G., Breuilly, J. (2008). Nations and nationalism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Gilbert, D. (2010). The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality. New York, NY: Pine Forge Press. Gluck, M. (1991). Georg Lukà ¡cs and His Generation, 1900-1918. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Henion, A. (2013). Social Network Use Reflects East-West Disparity. Web. Hronszky, I. (2005). Rationality in an Uncertain World. New York, NY: Edition sigma. Ilardi, S. (2009). Social Isolation: A Modern Plague. Web. Immanuel, W. (2011). The Modern World System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant,  1789-1914. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Kenneth, P., Topik, S. (2012). The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture,  and the World Economy, 1400 to the Present. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Lee, J. (2010). Islamizatio n and Activism in Malaysia. Singapore, SI: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Mishra, P. (2012). From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt against the West and the  Remaking of Asia. New York, NY: Penguin. Morrison, K. (2006). Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social Thought. London, UK: SAGE. Pappenheim, F. (2013). Alienation in American Society. Stewart, F., Barrà ³n, M. (2006). Social Exclusion and Conflict: Analysis and Policy  Implications. University of Oxford, UK: Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE. Szirmai, A. (2005). The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development: An Introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Wong, J., Bo, Z. (2010). China’s Reform in Global Perspective. New York, NY: World Scientific. This essay on Social Alienation was written and submitted by user Bridget Warren to help you with your own studies. 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